{"id":8373,"date":"2023-05-22T11:55:19","date_gmt":"2023-05-22T11:55:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/neurodata-and-the-gdpr-how-can-we-protect-our-brain-data\/"},"modified":"2024-07-05T08:22:16","modified_gmt":"2024-07-05T08:22:16","slug":"neurodata-and-the-gdpr-how-can-we-protect-our-brain-data","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/en\/neurodata-and-the-gdpr-how-can-we-protect-our-brain-data\/","title":{"rendered":"Neurodata and the GDPR: How can we protect our brain data?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8373\" class=\"elementor elementor-8373 elementor-8352\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-81010b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"81010b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-198034e\" data-id=\"198034e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10c7dc3 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"10c7dc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Neurodata en de GDPR:\nHow can we protect our brain data? (Part 1)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-133f75f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"133f75f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9429328\" data-id=\"9429328\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a8cff0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"1a8cff0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;hosted&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;play_on_mobile&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;mute&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-hosted-video elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<video class=\"elementor-video\" src=\"https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-15.mp4\" autoplay=\"\" loop=\"\" muted=\"muted\" playsinline=\"\" controlsList=\"nodownload\"><\/video>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0796615 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0796615\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e40486\" data-id=\"3e40486\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-719ab2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"719ab2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">With some recent developments in neurotechnology and AI, there is a rapidly growing proliferation of &#8220;Internet of Bodies (IoB),&#8221; this includes any form of technology where brain activity is monitored and the information gathered is transmitted through the Internet, directly or indirectly through the intervention of another device such as a smartphone.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559685\":0,\"335559737\":0,\"335559738\":0,\"335559739\":0,\"335559740\":259}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This IoB gives us access to the brain data or neurodata of a particular individual. This type of data can be used to identify people, infer their emotional state, ideas or feelings and reveal a laundry list of other types of data. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559685\":0,\"335559737\":0,\"335559738\":0,\"335559739\":0,\"335559740\":259}\"> <\/span><span style=\"font-size: inherit; color: var(--uicore-typography--p-c,'#070707'); font-family: var(--uicore-typography--p-f,'Inter'); font-style: var(--uicore-typography--p-st,'normal'); letter-spacing: var(--uicore-typography--p-ls,'-0.027em'); text-transform: var(--uicore-typography--p-t,'none');\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. Does the GDPR apply to neurodata? In the first part of this blog, we will discuss what neurodata are and whether the GDPR is applicable to these neurodata. In het tweede deel zullen we ingaan op de bescherming die de GDPR kan bieden en de mogelijke gevolgen wanneer deze bescherming tekortschiet.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"134233117\":false,\"134233118\":false,\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559685\":0,\"335559737\":0,\"335559738\":0,\"335559739\":0,\"335559740\":259}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-54eeead elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"54eeead\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-37ce4fe\" data-id=\"37ce4fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3173460 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3173460\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. What is Neurodata? <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fb69bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fb69bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0286e8\" data-id=\"a0286e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3b8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61d3b8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The term &#8220;neurodata&#8221; refers to data that directly represents the function of the human brain. It is data generated by the nervous system, which consists of the electrical activities between neurons or proxies of this activity. These neurons help perform tasks such as comprehension, movement, and communication. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><span style=\"font-size: inherit; color: var(--uicore-typography--p-c,'#070707'); font-family: var(--uicore-typography--p-f,'Inter'); font-style: var(--uicore-typography--p-st,'normal'); letter-spacing: var(--uicore-typography--p-ls,'-0.027em'); text-transform: var(--uicore-typography--p-t,'none');\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This data enables its owner to literally investigate the human brain and see what processes are going on in the brain. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Possession of this information can be of great value in various contexts where one party wants to exert influence over another party or gain certain knowledge, especially when it allows for a more complete understanding and prediction of the actions of one party. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In recent decades we have not had to worry much about this Neurodata. Indeed, due to several medical obstacles, it was not yet possible to apply neurodata very actively.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit; color: var(--uicore-typography--p-c,'#070707'); font-family: var(--uicore-typography--p-f,'Inter'); font-style: var(--uicore-typography--p-st,'normal'); letter-spacing: var(--uicore-typography--p-ls,'-0.027em'); text-transform: var(--uicore-typography--p-t,'none');\" data-contrast=\"auto\">Door enkele recente ontwikkelingen in de cognitieve wetenschap zijn we op een punt gekomen waar dat wel het geval is. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit; color: var(--uicore-typography--p-c,'#070707'); font-family: var(--uicore-typography--p-f,'Inter'); font-style: var(--uicore-typography--p-st,'normal'); letter-spacing: var(--uicore-typography--p-ls,'-0.027em'); text-transform: var(--uicore-typography--p-t,'none');\" data-contrast=\"auto\">One of those developments is the perfecting of the Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs). For example, in December 2021, the first words were tweeted by a paralyzed man using only his thoughts and a brain-computer interface (BCI) implanted by the company <a href=\"https:\/\/synchron.com\">Synchron.<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit; color: var(--uicore-typography--p-c,'#070707'); font-family: var(--uicore-typography--p-f,'Inter'); font-style: var(--uicore-typography--p-st,'normal'); letter-spacing: var(--uicore-typography--p-ls,'-0.027em'); text-transform: var(--uicore-typography--p-t,'none');\" data-contrast=\"auto\">The BCIs give paralyzed people who can no longer even move their eyes the chance to communicate with their loved one. This is of course a wonderful phenomenon, but we should also not forget that brain data contains our most personal data. This brain data could tell us a lot about both the identity and the mental state of a person.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: inherit; color: var(--uicore-typography--p-c,'#070707'); font-family: var(--uicore-typography--p-f,'Inter'); font-style: var(--uicore-typography--p-st,'normal'); letter-spacing: var(--uicore-typography--p-ls,'-0.027em'); text-transform: var(--uicore-typography--p-t,'none');\" data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0f93852 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0f93852\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70aac73\" data-id=\"70aac73\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-070c527 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"070c527\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-100.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8358\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-100.png 1024w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-100-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-100-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-100-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-100-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-100-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-100-650x650.png 650w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3164159 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3164159\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6236af7\" data-id=\"6236af7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe083e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fe083e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Does the GDPR apply to neurodata? <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fa9a839 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fa9a839\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0ba9bee\" data-id=\"0ba9bee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b73fed9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b73fed9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">To know whether the GDPR can offer protection to neurodata,<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">we will have to ask ourselves when the GDPR applies.<\/span> <span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In general, the GDPR provisions apply to data subjects in terms of &#8216;the processing of personal data.&#8217; When determining whether activities fall within this scope, so two elements need to be assessed. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">First, the data must be &#8220;processed. Data protection law has a very broad view of what qualifies as processing. It is generally assumed that the processing of personal data includes: <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201c\u2026any act or series of acts performed on personal data. . . \u201c<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Furthermore, the GDPR applies to processing that may be &#8216;wholly&#8217; or partially automatic. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cefbdb5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cefbdb5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4f54655\" data-id=\"4f54655\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ceac79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9ceac79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-101-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-8360\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-101-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-101-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-101-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-101-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-101-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-101-650x650.png 650w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-101.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d61e3f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d61e3f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71c3ac8\" data-id=\"71c3ac8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97475e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"97475e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In other words, &#8220;data processing&#8221; has a very broad meaning and probably includes most of the operations likely to occur in the collection and storage of brain data. In terms of this dimension of the regulation, it seems clear that any conceivable BCI will certainly process data in a regulatory-relevant way.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Secondly, we must also ask ourselves whether neurodata can be qualified as personal data. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This is because the GDPR only applies to &#8220;personal&#8221; data. If the data turns out to be anonymous, GDPR rules no longer apply (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">See: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.privacyindezorg.nl\/assets\/files\/wp216_nl.pdf\">European Parliament and Council 1995: Article 3; Recital 26 &amp; Working Group Article 29, Opinion 5\/2014 on anonymization techniques, adopted April 10, 2014, 0829\/14\/NL WP 216)<\/a><\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><span style=\"font-size: inherit; color: var(--uicore-typography--p-c,'#070707'); font-family: var(--uicore-typography--p-f,'Inter'); font-style: var(--uicore-typography--p-st,'normal'); letter-spacing: var(--uicore-typography--p-ls,'-0.027em'); text-transform: var(--uicore-typography--p-t,'none');\" data-contrast=\"auto\">Data such as an address or a name can easily be linked to a specific person. This is more difficult with neurodata. Neurodata are essentially signals of brain activity, can they be linked back to a particular person in the same way that an address can be linked back to someone? <\/span><span style=\"font-size: inherit; color: var(--uicore-typography--p-c,'#070707'); font-family: var(--uicore-typography--p-f,'Inter'); font-style: var(--uicore-typography--p-st,'normal'); letter-spacing: var(--uicore-typography--p-ls,'-0.027em'); text-transform: var(--uicore-typography--p-t,'none');\" data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Often, neurodata will be personally identifiable, especially when combined with other identifying data linked to an individual. Consider, for example, the situation where the neurodata is linked to a specific user profile. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-805ebd4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"805ebd4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2359c9e\" data-id=\"2359c9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee4a053 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ee4a053\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-102-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-8362\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-102-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-102-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-102-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-102-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-102-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-102-650x650.png 650w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-102.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ac15ef4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ac15ef4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f63f986\" data-id=\"f63f986\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22e8946 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22e8946\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Does this mean that neurodata can be anonymized and the GDPR will therefore no longer apply? <\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It is important to remember in this context that nevertheless the link that neurodata has to the marital status of an identifiable individual can clearly be broken (in the sense that one could destroy the name at the top of a neurodata file, leaving only the raw data remains), the data remains a unique representation of that particular individual&#8217;s identity and mental state. This means that neurodata can never be called &#8216;anonymized&#8217; in the same way as, for example, travel information.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In addition, the GDPR states in its Recital 30 that:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201cIndividuals may be linked to online identifiers through their equipment, applications, tools and protocols, such as internet protocol (IP) addresses, identification cookies or other identifiers such as radio frequency identification tags.\u201d<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This consideration confirms that technical identifiers can be considered personal data if there is a clear link to a natural person.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52c1a2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52c1a2d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-caf0b0e\" data-id=\"caf0b0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab3c57b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ab3c57b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-103-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-8364\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-103-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-103-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-103-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-103-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-103-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-103-650x650.png 650w, https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-103.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5958aee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5958aee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9bff15\" data-id=\"e9bff15\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bd5ce2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8bd5ce2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We can certainly conclude from all the above that it concerns personal data. <\/p>\n<h5><strong>Another question we can ask ourselves in this regard is whether this data is a sensitive date? In our opinion, this question should certainly be answered in the affirmative. <\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The fact is that <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">-age, <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">-sex<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">-sexual orientation <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">can be predicted based on brain activity. According to some studies, it would even go so far that someone&#8217;s political leanings could be predicted based on brain activity. Research into a person&#8217;s brain activity can therefore reveal the most intimate aspects of a person. To qualify this data as sensitive, one can call it an &#8216;understatement&#8217;. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Perhaps even more important from an ethical point of view is the fact that neurodata could be used to identify a person&#8217;s thoughts and intentions. his can have serious consequences for the individual in that their &#8220;private brain states&#8221; essentially become an apparent open source from which to characterize their thought processes.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">However, how to view these brain recordings and the data derived from them is a difficult question. In terms of the GDPR, it is certainly being processed. By being an identifier of a data subject, either in itself or through a link with other data, it is also personal. These research requests also appear to be very significant data that can be regarded as sensitive.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1938e06 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1938e06\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f77c924\" data-id=\"f77c924\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec74469 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ec74469\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-24378cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"24378cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e357f27\" data-id=\"e357f27\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-238aa5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"238aa5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW44078463 BCX4\" lang=\"NL-NL\" xml:lang=\"NL-NL\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW44078463 BCX4\">There is no denying that neurodata<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW44078463 BCX4\">access <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW44078463 BCX4\">can <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW44078463 BCX4\">give access to highly sensitive data about individuals. <\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW44078463 BCX4\" lang=\"NL-NL\" xml:lang=\"NL-NL\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW44078463 BCX4\">It is therefore <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW44078463 BCX4\">a <\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW44078463 BCX4\">sure thing that GDPR applies and should apply to this kind of data. In the second part of the blog, we will take a closer look at the protection that the GDPR already offers and how this protection still needs to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW44078463 BCX4\"> be<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW44078463 BCX4\">improved.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW44078463 BCX4\" data-ccp-props=\"{\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6}\"> <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-81624d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"81624d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-26c95e2\" data-id=\"26c95e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-030cddd elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"030cddd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/contact\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Appoint DPO<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-12389d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"12389d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90cdf9c\" data-id=\"90cdf9c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba772f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ba772f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"127\" src=\"https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Logo-DPO-Associates-031.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7448\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Neurodata en de GDPR: How can we protect our brain data? (Part 1) https:\/\/dpoassociates.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Ontwerp-zonder-titel-15.mp4 With some recent developments in neurotechnology and AI, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8364,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[99,105],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8373","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medical-sector","category-news-articles-gdpr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.8 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Neurodata and the GDPR: How can we protect our brain data?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Neurodata is a fascinating and rapidly evolving field focused on understanding the brain and how it works.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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